L to fight against social exclusion is a political priority in France for twenty years and in the UK since the coming to power of the Blair government in 1997. Faced with the shortcomings of traditional public interventions against exclusion, appeared in both countries of new devices based on the same philosophy: to help people at risk of exclusion to integrate a rehabilitation course.
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Social exclusion, a very common term in political debate today is actually a difficult concept to define precisely. Often equated with poverty, exclusion is a broader phenomenon than material deprivation since it refers to a process of social disintegration in the sense of a progressive rupture of relations between the individual and society. Qualify people "socially excluded" rather than "poor" suggests that they are not only from the labor market and therefore revenue sources, but also that they are, in one way or another socially isolated. They may have lost touch with their families or the local community. In addition, several authors emphasize the importance of citizenship. The concept of exclusion also includes the inability to fully exercise the social, economic and political of this citizenship [2] [2] According to Atkinson, one point unanimously supported ... .
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Often attributed to René Lenoir due to the success of his book, The excluded in 1974, the origins of the term "social exclusion" are actually in French academic circles in the 1960s among scholars such as Julius Klanfer [3] [ 3] Klanfer (J.), social exclusion, Paris, Office ... and Pierre Massé [4] [4] Massé (P.) dividends progress, Paris, Le Seuil, ... . Used in France in the 1970s to refer to various categories of qualified people "social cases" that did not benefit from any social protection, the term did not become widespread in Europe since the late 1980s when it was taken over by the European Commission [5] [5] After being active in the field of politics ... .
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As said Byrne, social exclusion should be understood as a dynamic process and not as a static state. According to Gore [6] [6] Gore (C.), Figueiredo (JB) and Rodgers (G), Social ... there are three mechanisms of exclusion: the market, the state, and discrimination within the civil society.
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Paugam characterized the mechanism of exclusion based on a survey of a population in Saint-Brieuc in France. It identifies three types of people "poor" based on the way they use social services. Using these types of statutory degradation, it offers a process of "social disqualification" which is organized in three phases: first the "fragile" that benefit from a specific intervention because their problems are economic, such related to the loss of employment; Then, after a prolonged period of "fragility", we may go to the "dependency"; Finally, those who, combining a series of failures, lost hope, no longer find meaning in their lives and enter the final phase of the "break".
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In the UK, the fight against exclusion is a cornerstone of the policy of the Labour government came to power in 1997. The philosophy of " New Labour " broke with the social policies of " Old Labour " emphasizing equality opportunities instead of equality of results [7] [7] This idea has led to a desire to extend the "opportunity ... . in France, the fight against exclusion has been identified as a political priority well before the UK does. By the early 1980s, targeted policies, such as social development policy neighborhoods were introduced in the context of "urban policy". An important milestone was reached in 1988 with the establishment of minimum income (RMI).
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The fight against exclusion continued to be a political concern in the 1990s, both right-wing governments and for those left. The orientation law of 29 July 1998 is the first time a comprehensive approach to understanding and combating exclusion on all fronts, by introducing devices in several areas: employment, health, citizenship, education , housing, debt ...
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If the fight against social exclusion of people of all age groups is a political priority, the fight against youth exclusion is recognized as a particularly important challenge with a view to preventing and because young people are a category vulnerable.
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The difficulties that young people are strengthened by the incoherent administrative support. Three problems in particular. First, the multiplicity of actors and the transition between services targeted young people and those for adults can cause significant disruptions. Secondly, young people are faced with a complex and uncertain funding. Finally, troubled family support policies are sometimes out of step with the sociological developments.
RENEWAL OF PUBLIC POLICY
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The growth of social exclusion during the two decades poses new political and administrative challenges [8] [8] Williamson critical policy responses to the problem ... A political consensus has developed around three axes:. Work in partnership with associations for comprehensive care of young people; individualized guidance maintained over time; a path that leads to sustainable employment. The introduction of personalized services is a recent evolution of public policy in Europe. This trend towards individualization of public systems of employment services shows, according to Finn [9] [9] Finn (D.), "Welfare to Work: the Local Dimension" ... a change in the nature of relationships between individuals and bureaucracies, or between governments and citizens.
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