L to public service in Germany includes agents of the Federation ( Bund ), the Länder and municipalities and other local authorities, institutions, and foundations under public law.
2
Until the early eighties, the numbers showed a significant increase. The reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, driven by the force of circumstances a sharp increase. Since then, the numbers are in steady decline.
3
According to recent publications and information from the Federal Statistical Office, the total workforce of the public service in Germany, June 30, 2002, amounted to 4.8 million people. These represent 5.85% of the population (82.2 million) and 13.3% of the active population of 36.6 million people.
4
As for the direct public administration, the number of the Federation of agents is relatively low with 490,000 people. These are the 16 federal states which are in Germany the real administrative level and employing a total of 2.2 million workers followed by the municipalities, cities, and Kreise involved extensively in Germany for the performance of state tasks and have approximately 1.5 million people.
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In those jurisdictions, directness is added the indirect public administration including public law institutions responsible for specific tasks, such as social security institutions or an institution such as the Federal Bank. Their workforce of about 500 000 people.
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The share of women employed in all jurisdictions is slightly above 50%. If in the municipal administration, almost 60% of workers are women, in government (not counting the 185 000 soldiers) were hardly reached 36%.
A FEDERAL STRUCTURE
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Any public administration is part of the state organization and, then, of the constitutional order. For the Federal Republic of Germany, this is the Basic Law (LF) 23 May 1949, which represents the Constitution and sets out the state's organizational principles in Germany.
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First, it is the principle of the rule of law that determines the relationship between the state and citizens. In the context of state and administrative structures, three other principles give basic directions: the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial; the principle of the federal state with the distribution of powers between the Federation and the Länder ; municipal autonomy that gives municipalities broad autonomy of administration for local affairs.
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The principle of the Federal Government expresses the fact that there are, in reality, two state levels: the Federation ( Bund ), a term which refers to government "global" whose jurisdiction extends all federal territory and the Länder as states federated with their own sovereignty.
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At the same time, the Länder are constituent elements of the Federation. Sovereignty and competence of the Länder are not deducted from the Federation of power: they are, on the contrary, originate and allocated by the Basic Law.
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The distribution of public power between the Federation and the Länder has the basic rule that the exercise of state powers and the discharge of government missions fall under Länder unless the Basic Law provides otherwise ( Article 30 LF). Therefore, most of the legislative power rests with the Federation, while the majority of administrative tasks are performed by the Länder . The Federal Enforcement and Community law is, in general, the case of the Länder .
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This highly decentralized system does not compromise state unity of Germany. Due to multiple interdependencies in terms of skills, decision-making bodies of the Federation and the Länder are obliged to cooperate in the execution of their duties.
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It is through the Bundesrat , which is one of the federal bodies, the Länder participate in the legislation and administration of the Federation and affairs of the European Union.
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In such a federal system, a consensus is necessary for the operation of procedures: Consensus Länder them, but the consensus of the Länder and the Federation.
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The structures of the organization of the state and the administration are governed by principles largely uniform. This uniformity is mainly due to three factors: the legal order which has a large degree of uniformity within the Federation; Public Service which is basically set as a unit; the economic and financial system that is identical throughout the Federation.
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The administration organization database schema distinguishes between three levels, independent of each other: the administration of the Federation, that of the Länder and the municipal administration. In principle, each administrative level assumes clearly defined tasks and its own. There are no common overall chain of command - Land - Federation.
The administration of the Federation
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The direct federal administration, the number of people it employs (about 305,000 without the military), appears rather small, intervenes where this is unavoidable in the interests of the state as a whole. It includes, on the one hand, the government whose role is to set policy and, secondly, the authorities responsible for administrative implementation of the Federation's work. So we distinguish the supreme federal authorities - such as federal departments - and federal authorities subordinate to them.
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The number of materials own administration to the Federation is very limited. It is essentially foreign affairs, finance, defense and armed forces, federal waterways, borders protection of the federal body, the Federal Office of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence.
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railways, post and telecommunications and aviation security that used to be the federal government have been privatized.
The administration of the Länder
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In addition to local authorities, federal states are in Germany the real administrative level. Sixteen Länder , five are new (since reunification). Among the eleven elders, there are three city-states: Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen. The governments of these state-cities must assume both the tasks of Land and municipality.
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